Eastern Redcedar Juniperus virginiana
- Phonetic Spelling
- jew-NIP-er-us ver-jin-ee-AY-nah
- This plant has low severity poison characteristics.
- See below
- Description
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Eastern redcedar is an evergreen, coniferous tree in the cypress family (Cupressaceae). This conifer is native to North America and grows from Maine south to Florida and west to South Dakota and Texas. The epithet is Latin for "of Virginia."
This juniper is easily grown in average, dry to moist, well-drained soils in full sun. In good conditions, it will grow to 30 to 40 feet in height and reach a width of 10 to 20 feet. It will tolerate a variety of soils and growing conditions, from swamps to dry, rocky ground. It can even grow on seemingly barren soils that few other plants can tolerate, although it may never grow bigger than a bush in those conditions. It prefers moist conditions but is intolerant of continuously wet soil. It only tolerates shade when it is extremely young. It has the best drought resistance of any conifer native to the eastern United States. This tree is easy to transplant and a tough, dependable tree—but considered weedy by many gardeners. It is highly salt tolerant. This colorful tree needs airy space to grow. Plant 12 to 24 feet apart.
Eastern red cedar has blue-green, overlapping, scale-like leaves at maturity, but young shoots may have spreading, needle-like leaves. The bark is red-brown in color and peels off in long, narrow, fibrous strips, often leaving ashy gray areas exposed. Light blue-green clusters of cones mature in late winter or early spring. Female (or predominantly female) trees produce small, round blue cones ("juniper berries") that mature in the fall and are beloved by cedar waxwings. Male trees make small pollen-producing cones. Pollen is wind-borne and released in large quantities.
The heartwood is light brown and aromatic, in contrast to the white sapwood, and is commonly used for cedar chests. The wood is also often used to make fence posts and rails, as it is naturally rot-resistant. It also repels insects, lending to its appeal for use in clothing storage and pet bedding.
Eastern red cedar makes an excellent specimen and does well in a grouping or as a screen or windbreak. It provides cover, habitat, and food for wildlife. It is a host plant for the larvae of both the Juniper hairstreak (Callophrys gryneus) and the Imperial moth (Eacles imperialis) moths. This tree is also resistant to damage by deer. It is sometimes grown for Christmas trees, especially in warmer areas of North Carolina.
Quick ID Hints:
- Plant has grayish to reddish-brown bark that exfoliates in long strips
- Scale leaves are in a four-rank arrangement
- Small, oval, glandular depressions are on the backs of leaves
- Male cones are yellow and occur at branch tips
- Female cones are blue, frosted looking, and 1/4 inch in size
- Leaf color is sage green to blue-green in the summer
- Leaf color is bronze to yellow-brown in winter
- Juvenile, awl-shaped leaves are often present in pairs
Insects, Diseases, and Other Plant Problems: This tree is susceptible to twig blight and scale. Bagworms are also a problem. Mites may occur. It shares with apple trees the susceptibility to a rust fungus called Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae. This fungus causes "cedar apples" on red cedar twigs and dark leaf spots on apple leaves.
The Clemson Cooperative Extension Home and Garden Information Center has a factsheet on common juniper diseases and insect pests.
VIDEO Created by Homegrown featuring Jeff Owen, Area Extension Forestry Specialist for NC State Extension
- Profile Video:
- See this plant in the following landscapes:
- Native Woodland Garden, Durham Mountain Ridge Top Garden - West Lawn and Border Woodland Backyard Garden Walk
- Cultivars / Varieties:
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- 'Canaertii'
- 'Glauca Compacta'
- 'Manhattan Blue'
Scale-like foliage 'Grey Owl'
Unusual thread-like silvery blue-grey appressed needles
Uncommon greenish silver foliage 'Taylor'
Narrow form var. silicicola
- 'Canaertii'
- 'Canaertii', 'Glauca Compacta', 'Globosa', 'Grey Owl', 'Manhattan Blue', 'Silver Spreader', 'Taylor', var. silicicola
- Tags:
- Cultivars / Varieties:
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- 'Canaertii'
- 'Glauca Compacta'
- 'Manhattan Blue'
Scale-like foliage 'Grey Owl'
Unusual thread-like silvery blue-grey appressed needles
Uncommon greenish silver foliage 'Taylor'
Narrow form var. silicicola
- 'Canaertii'
- 'Canaertii', 'Glauca Compacta', 'Globosa', 'Grey Owl', 'Manhattan Blue', 'Silver Spreader', 'Taylor', var. silicicola
- Tags:
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Attributes:
- Genus:
- Juniperus
- Species:
- virginiana
- Family:
- Cupressaceae
- Uses (Ethnobotany):
- The heartwood is light brown and aromatic and is commonly used for cedar chests. Wood is often used to make fence posts and rails as it is naturally rot resistant. This plant was also used by Native Americans to make flutes, furniture, fragrance, mats, incense, and spices. They also used it medicinally.
- Life Cycle:
- Woody
- Country Or Region Of Origin:
- South East Canada to Central & Eastern U.S.A., Mexico
- Distribution:
- from eastern Canada south through North Dakota west to Colorado south to Texas east to Florida north through Maine, also found in Oregon
- Fire Risk Rating:
- high flammability
- Wildlife Value:
- Provides winter cover. This plant supports Juniper Hairstreak (Callophrys gryneus) and imperial moth (Eacles imperialis) larvae. Adult Juniper Hairstreak butterflies feed on various flower nectars. Songbirds and small mammals eat the fruits.
- Play Value:
- Buffer
- Fragrance
- Screening
- Wildlife Cover/Habitat
- Wildlife Food Source
- Wildlife Nesting
- Wind Break
- Particularly Resistant To (Insects/Diseases/Other Problems):
- This tree is resistant to damage by deer.
- Edibility:
- Juniper tea can be made by placing a dozen young berryless twigs in a quart of cold water; bring to a boil then allow to simmer for 10 minutes. Strain and use as regular tea, in small quantities. SOURCE: Angier, B. 1974. Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pa, 255 pp.
- Dimensions:
- Height: 30 ft. 0 in. - 40 ft. 0 in.
- Width: 10 ft. 0 in. - 20 ft. 0 in.
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Whole Plant Traits:
- Plant Type:
- Native Plant
- Perennial
- Poisonous
- Tree
- Woody Plant Leaf Characteristics:
- Needled Evergreen
- Habit/Form:
- Dense
- Erect
- Pyramidal
- Growth Rate:
- Medium
- Maintenance:
- Low
- Texture:
- Medium
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Cultural Conditions:
- Light:
- Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day)
- Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours)
- Soil Texture:
- Clay
- Loam (Silt)
- Sand
- Shallow Rocky
- Soil pH:
- Acid (<6.0)
- Alkaline (>8.0)
- Neutral (6.0-8.0)
- Soil Drainage:
- Good Drainage
- Moist
- Occasionally Dry
- Occasionally Wet
- Available Space To Plant:
- 12-24 feet
- 24-60 feet
- more than 60 feet
- NC Region:
- Coastal
- Mountains
- Piedmont
- USDA Plant Hardiness Zone:
- 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b
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Fruit:
- Fruit Color:
- Blue
- Display/Harvest Time:
- Fall
- Winter
- Fruit Length:
- < 1 inch
- Fruit Width:
- < 1 inch
- Fruit Description:
- Male cones are yellow and occur at branch tips. Female cones are blue, frosted-looking, and abundant. Cones are round, berry-like (1/4" in diameter), and ripen in fall of the first year. They have a white waxy covering. Displays from September to February.
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Flowers:
- Flower Color:
- Gold/Yellow
- Flower Bloom Time:
- Spring
- Winter
- Flower Size:
- < 1 inch
- Flower Description:
- This is a dioecious species (separate male and female trees). The pollen cones are small and yellowish on male trees, while the female trees produce round, berry-like cones. It blooms from January to March.
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Leaves:
- Woody Plant Leaf Characteristics:
- Needled Evergreen
- Leaf Color:
- Blue
- Gray/Silver
- Green
- Leaf Feel:
- Prickly
- Smooth
- Leaf Value To Gardener:
- Edible
- Deciduous Leaf Fall Color:
- Brown/Copper
- Leaf Type:
- Needles
- Leaf Arrangement:
- Opposite
- Whorled
- Leaf Shape:
- Acicular
- Subulate
- Hairs Present:
- No
- Leaf Length:
- < 1 inch
- Leaf Width:
- < 1 inch
- Leaf Description:
- The Eastern red cedar has dark blue-green, scale-like, shiny, glandular foliage in a 4 rank arrangement. The foliage may turn brown-green in winter. They are 1/16" in length and lay opposite or in whorls of 3. They are small, oval, and have a glandular depression on the back. Young leaves are awl-shaped, thin, prickly, needle-like, and 1/4" long. Cultivars of this species often retain better foliage color in winter.
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Bark:
- Bark Color:
- Dark Gray
- Light Brown
- Red/Burgundy
- Surface/Attachment:
- Exfoliating
- Peeling
- Shredding
- Bark Description:
- Its gray to reddish-brown bark exfoliates in thin, long shreddy strips on mature trees.
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Stem:
- Stem Is Aromatic:
- Yes
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Landscape:
- Landscape Location:
- Naturalized Area
- Recreational Play Area
- Woodland
- Landscape Theme:
- Butterfly Garden
- Children's Garden
- Drought Tolerant Garden
- Native Garden
- Pollinator Garden
- Winter Garden
- Design Feature:
- Screen/Privacy
- Small groups
- Specimen
- Attracts:
- Butterflies
- Moths
- Pollinators
- Small Mammals
- Songbirds
- Resistance To Challenges:
- Deer
- Drought
- Poor Soil
- Salt
- Problems:
- Poisonous to Humans
- Weedy