Ilex verticillata
Common Name(s):
- Phonetic Spelling
- EYE-leks ver-ti-sil-LAH-tah
- This plant has low severity poison characteristics.
- See below
- Description
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Winterberry holly is a slow-growing, woody, deciduous tree or shrub native to Eastern North America and a member of the holly family (Aquifoliaceae). The common name refers to the plant’s red berries that mature in the fall, providing winter interest and food for birds and small mammals. The species epithet means "having parts in whorls" and refers to the clusters of fruits appearing like whorls at the nodes of the shoots.
Winterberry holly requires moist, acidic soil with good drainage in deep or partial shade, or full sun. It tolerates heat, drought, and soil compaction. It may abort fruit set in dry soil. It is resistant to deer foraging, fire and salt. To produce berries, the plant must be properly cross-pollinated. Match blooming times with a male pollinizer like 'Jim Dandy' or 'Southern Gentleman' by planting one male (per 10 to 20 females) within 50 feet of female plants.
Winterberry is low maintenance and makes a nice border or hedge in pond areas, rain gardens, and recreational play areas. It may grow 3 to 15 feet tall and 3 to 12 feet wide. There are dwarf cultivars available. The plant tolerates pruning, but keep in mind that flowers will appear on new growth. It is a food source for butterflies, pollinators, small mammals, songbirds, and specialized bees.
It is a good addition to native, winter and pollinator gardens and is also popular as a foundation planting.
Fire Risk: This plant has a low flammability rating.
Quick ID Hints:
- Deciduous shrubby holly with persistent red berries.
- Leaves are serrated and veins are pubescent underneath.
- Leaf veins are impressed on the upper surface of the leaf.
Insects, Diseases, or Other Plant Problems: The native holly leafminer, Japanese wax scale, and southern red mites are the most frequently reported pests of hollies in the southeastern United States. Leaf spots and powdery mildew occasionally occur. Neutral to alkaline soils may cause chlorosis (yellowing of leaves) and even death.
The Clemson Cooperative Extension Home and Garden Information Center has a factsheet on common diseases and insect pests.
VIDEO Created by Elizabeth Meyer for "Trees, Shrubs and Conifers" a plant identification course offered in partnership with Longwood Gardens.
- Profile Video:
- See this plant in the following landscapes:
- Entryway Garden, Cabarrus County Extension Demonstration Garden Native Plant Demonstration Garden All Saints' Episcopal Church
- Cultivars / Varieties:
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- 'Afterglow'
Female. Compact globe habit. Pollinated by 'Apollo', 'Jim Dandy', 'Raritan' - 'Berry Heavy'
Female. Pollinated by: 'Jim Dandy' - 'Berry Nice'
Female. Pollinated by: 'Jim Dandy' - 'Bright Horizon'
Female. Compact, turban-shaped shrub. Fruits dark red-orange. - 'Jim Dandy'
Early blooming male pollinizer. - 'Jolly Red'
Female. Fruits vivid red. - 'Red Sprite'
Female. Dwarf. Fruits vivid red. Pollinated by: 'Jim Dandy', 'Raritan'
'Southern Gentleman'
- 'Sunset'
Female. Spreading habit. Vigorous.
'Winter Gold'
Late-blooming, male pollinizer.
Female. Persistent orange-yellow fruits. 'Winter Red'
Female. Red fruits. - 'Afterglow'
- 'Afterglow', 'Berry Heavy', 'Berry Nice', 'Bright Horizon', 'Jim Dandy', 'Jolly Red', 'Red Sprite', 'Southern Gentleman', 'Sunset', 'Winter Gold', 'Winter Red'
- Tags:
- Cultivars / Varieties:
-
- 'Afterglow'
Female. Compact globe habit. Pollinated by 'Apollo', 'Jim Dandy', 'Raritan' - 'Berry Heavy'
Female. Pollinated by: 'Jim Dandy' - 'Berry Nice'
Female. Pollinated by: 'Jim Dandy' - 'Bright Horizon'
Female. Compact, turban-shaped shrub. Fruits dark red-orange. - 'Jim Dandy'
Early blooming male pollinizer. - 'Jolly Red'
Female. Fruits vivid red. - 'Red Sprite'
Female. Dwarf. Fruits vivid red. Pollinated by: 'Jim Dandy', 'Raritan'
'Southern Gentleman'
- 'Sunset'
Female. Spreading habit. Vigorous.
'Winter Gold'
Late-blooming, male pollinizer.
Female. Persistent orange-yellow fruits. 'Winter Red'
Female. Red fruits. - 'Afterglow'
- 'Afterglow', 'Berry Heavy', 'Berry Nice', 'Bright Horizon', 'Jim Dandy', 'Jolly Red', 'Red Sprite', 'Southern Gentleman', 'Sunset', 'Winter Gold', 'Winter Red'
- Tags:
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-
Attributes:
- Genus:
- Ilex
- Species:
- verticillata
- Family:
- Aquifoliaceae
- Uses (Ethnobotany):
- Hedge, Rain Garden
- Life Cycle:
- Woody
- Distribution:
- Eastern North America
- Fire Risk Rating:
- low flammability
- Wildlife Value:
- The Winterberry is a host plant for Henry's Elfin butterfly and attracts other pollinators. Its fruits are eaten by over 48 species of birds, including cedar waxwings, and small mammals. Members of the genus Ilex support the following specialized bee: Colletes banksi. The foliage is food source for rabbits and deer.
- Play Value:
- Attracts Pollinators
- Wildlife Food Source
- Wildlife Larval Host
- Particularly Resistant To (Insects/Diseases/Other Problems):
- resistant to fire and mildly resistant to damage by deer. Heat, drought, and soil compaction tolerant.
- Dimensions:
- Height: 3 ft. 0 in. - 15 ft. 0 in.
- Width: 3 ft. 0 in. - 12 ft. 0 in.
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Whole Plant Traits:
- Plant Type:
- Native Plant
- Perennial
- Shrub
- Tree
- Woody Plant Leaf Characteristics:
- Deciduous
- Habit/Form:
- Clumping
- Multi-stemmed
- Oval
- Rounded
- Growth Rate:
- Slow
- Maintenance:
- Low
- Texture:
- Medium
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Cultural Conditions:
- Light:
- Deep shade (Less than 2 hours to no direct sunlight)
- Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day)
- Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours)
- Soil Texture:
- Clay
- Loam (Silt)
- Sand
- Soil pH:
- Acid (<6.0)
- Soil Drainage:
- Good Drainage
- Moist
- Occasionally Wet
- Available Space To Plant:
- 3 feet-6 feet
- NC Region:
- Coastal
- Mountains
- Piedmont
- USDA Plant Hardiness Zone:
- 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b
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Fruit:
- Fruit Color:
- Gold/Yellow
- Orange
- Red/Burgundy
- Fruit Value To Gardener:
- Long-lasting
- Showy
- Display/Harvest Time:
- Fall
- Winter
- Fruit Type:
- Drupe
- Fruit Length:
- < 1 inch
- Fruit Width:
- < 1 inch
- Fruit Description:
- Bright red berry-like fruits on female plants persist into winter. Cultivars may have yellow-orange or orange fruits. Fruits ripen from August to December. Fruits are striking on bare branches.
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Flowers:
- Flower Color:
- Gold/Yellow
- Green
- White
- Flower Inflorescence:
- Insignificant
- Flower Value To Gardener:
- Showy
- Flower Bloom Time:
- Spring
- Flower Size:
- < 1 inch
- Flower Description:
- This plant has relatively inconspicuous greenish-white flowers that appear in the leaf axils in late spring. Blooms from April to June. Female flowers, if pollinated, give way to a crop of bright red berries (1/4” diameter) in late summer to fall.
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Leaves:
- Woody Plant Leaf Characteristics:
- Deciduous
- Leaf Color:
- Black
- Green
- Purple/Lavender
- Leaf Feel:
- Glossy
- Deciduous Leaf Fall Color:
- Gold/Yellow
- Leaf Type:
- Simple
- Leaf Arrangement:
- Alternate
- Leaf Shape:
- Oblanceolate
- Oblong
- Obovate
- Leaf Margin:
- Doubly Serrate
- Serrate
- Hairs Present:
- Yes
- Leaf Length:
- 1-3 inches
- Leaf Width:
- 1-3 inches
- Leaf Description:
- Deciduous, simple, smooth, acuminate, cuneate, obovate to oblong-ovate 1.5-4 inches long double serrated or doubly serrated alternate leaves. Leaves are pubescent on veins beneath.
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Bark:
- Bark Color:
- Black
- Dark Brown
- Dark Gray
- Light Brown
- Light Gray
- Red/Burgundy
- Surface/Attachment:
- Smooth
- Bark Description:
- Grey to blackish with knobby lenticel bark, grey to grey-brown buds.
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Stem:
- Stem Color:
- Brown/Copper
- Stem Is Aromatic:
- No
- Stem Lenticels:
- Conspicuous
- Stem Description:
- Stems are olive-brown to purplish-brown and are lenticelled.
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Landscape:
- Landscape Location:
- Pond
- Recreational Play Area
- Riparian
- Landscape Theme:
- Children's Garden
- Native Garden
- Pollinator Garden
- Rain Garden
- Winter Garden
- Design Feature:
- Border
- Foundation Planting
- Hedge
- Mass Planting
- Attracts:
- Butterflies
- Pollinators
- Small Mammals
- Songbirds
- Specialized Bees
- Resistance To Challenges:
- Deer
- Fire
- Salt
- Wet Soil
