Botrychium virginianum
Common Name(s):
Previously known as:
- Botrychium virginianum var. europaeum
- Botrypus virginianus
- Osmunda virginiana
- Phonetic Spelling
- bo-TRIH-chee-um ver-jin-ee-AH-num
- Description
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Rattlesnake Fern is a deciduous fern that is found in a wide variety of climates. They may be found in dry, mesic, and wet forests. They may also be found in coves, moist bottomlands, and slopes. This plant prefers moist rich woods and shade. It is one of the first ferns to begin growth in spring. It has subterranean rhizomes and horizontal, coarse, shallow roots. It produces distinctive spores that rise at the conjunction of the leaves. It is a member of the Ophioglossaceae or Adder's Tongue family of ferns.
The Rattlesnake Fern is native to most of North America, Central America, portions of South America, Eurasia, China, Korea, and Japan. It is the most widespread of the ferns in this genus in North America.
The genus name, Botrychium, is Greek in origin for botrys, which means a "bunch of grapes." This references the sporangia, which are spore-bearing organs of this plant. The common name, Rattlesnake Fern, refers to the clusters of sporangia that resemble a snake "rattle."
The Rattlesnake Ferns prefers partial to light shade and moist fertile soils. They thrive in an abundance of decaying organic matter and are best suited for acidic soils. They are dependent on fungi in the soil to survive. This plant is difficult to cultivate. Dividing or transplanting is usually unsuccessful. They are propagated by the germination of their spores.
The plant may grow from 1 foot to 4 feet at maturity. The root system consists of fibrous rhizomes. The leaves of the Rattlesnake Fern are light green, and the stalks are light green to red. The plant consists of a single sterile leaf and a second fertile leaf. The fertile leaf develops before the sterile leaf. The sterile leaf measures 4-8 inches long and 5-10 inches across and is positioned horizontally with the ground. It is pinnately divided into 5-12 pairs of leaflets. Each leaflet is pinnately divided into up to 12 sub-leaflets. The sub-leaflets are ovate, lanceolate, or oblong in shape and have coarse dentate margins. The fertile leaf is 3-6 inches long and about 1.5 to 3 inches across. Its leaflets and sub-leaflets are stalk-like in appearance. The sporangia are attached to the leaflets and sub-leaflets of the fertile leaf. Once the sporangia mature, the spores are released and distributed by the wind. The plant has no flowers or fruits.
Rattlesnake Fern and the Cutleaf Grape Fern are very similar in appearance and habitat. The fronds of the Cutleaf Grape Fern are leathery; whereas, the Rattlesnake Fern fronds are thin, non-leathery, and delicate. The Cutleaf Grape Fern is evergreen, and the Rattlesnake Fern is deciduous.
VIDEO Created by NC State Extension's Homegrown series featuring Mark Weathington, Director of JC Raulston Arboretum.
- Profile Video:
- See this plant in the following landscape:
- Cultivars / Varieties:
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- Cultivars / Varieties:
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- Tags:
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Attributes:
- Genus:
- Botrychium
- Species:
- virginianum
- Family:
- Ophioglossaceae
- Life Cycle:
- Perennial
- Country Or Region Of Origin:
- New World and Temp. Eurasia
- Distribution:
- USA: AK, AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, DC, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, and WY; Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territory, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan, and Yukon; Central and South America: Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, and Venezuela; Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamacia; Asia: China, Korea, Japan, Nepal, Pakistan, Tibet. West Himalaya, West Siberia; Europe: Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia, Switzerland, Ukraine, and Yugoslavia
- Particularly Resistant To (Insects/Diseases/Other Problems):
- Heavy shade, Deer
- Dimensions:
- Height: 0 ft. 6 in. - 4 ft. 0 in.
- Width: 0 ft. 8 in. - 1 ft. 0 in.
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Whole Plant Traits:
- Plant Type:
- Fern
- Native Plant
- Perennial
- Woody Plant Leaf Characteristics:
- Deciduous
- Habit/Form:
- Arching
- Erect
- Growth Rate:
- Medium
- Maintenance:
- Low
- Texture:
- Fine
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Cultural Conditions:
- Light:
- Deep shade (Less than 2 hours to no direct sunlight)
- Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours)
- Soil Texture:
- High Organic Matter
- Soil pH:
- Acid (<6.0)
- Soil Drainage:
- Good Drainage
- Moist
- Occasionally Dry
- NC Region:
- Coastal
- Mountains
- Piedmont
- USDA Plant Hardiness Zone:
- 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b
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Fruit:
- Fruit Description:
- No fruits. This plant reproduces via spores. The spores are present from September to November.
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Flowers:
- Flower Description:
- No flowers.
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Leaves:
- Woody Plant Leaf Characteristics:
- Deciduous
- Leaf Color:
- Green
- Leaf Feel:
- Soft
- Leaf Type:
- Compound (Pinnately , Bipinnately, Palmately)
- Fronds
- Leaf Arrangement:
- Opposite
- Leaf Shape:
- Lanceolate
- Oblong
- Ovate
- Leaf Margin:
- Dentate
- Hairs Present:
- No
- Leaf Length:
- > 6 inches
- Leaf Width:
- > 6 inches
- Leaf Description:
- This plant has long, erect, bright green, arching, 10-in. fronds that are broadly triangular and bipinnate to tripinnate. This plant has 2 large, opposite, basal pinnae and 4-5 pairs of opposite or subopposite smaller pinnae. The segments are pointed, toothed and thin-textured. Fertile fronds arise from the base of the blade.
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Stem:
- Stem Color:
- Green
- Red/Burgundy
- Stem Is Aromatic:
- No
- Stem Cross Section:
- Round
- Stem Surface:
- Smooth (glabrous)
- Stem Description:
- The basal stalk that supports the sterile leaf is light green to dark red, smooth, and stout. The cross-section is rounded in shape. The basal stalk measure 2 to 6 inches in height. The stalk of the fertile is light green, leaf measures 3 to 6 inches, and smooth. The cross-section is round in shape.
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Landscape:
- Landscape Location:
- Woodland
- Landscape Theme:
- Native Garden
- Shade Garden
- Attracts:
- Songbirds
- Resistance To Challenges:
- Deer
- Heavy Shade